Category Archives: Fitgirl Repack

Twin Mirror Fitgirl Repack Download PC Game

Twin Mirror Fitgirl Repack Free Download PC Game

Twin Mirror Fitgirl Repack Free Download PC Game final version or you can say the latest update is released for PC.And the best this about this DLC is that it’s free to download.In this Tutorial we will show you how to download and Install Twin Mirror Torrent for free.Before you download and install this awesome game on your computer note that this game is highly compressed and is the repack version of this game.

Download Twin Mirror Fit girl repack is a free to play game.Yes you can get this game for free.Now there are different website from which you can download Twin Mirror igg games and ocean of games are the two most popular websites.Also ova games and the skidrow reloaded also provide you to download this awesome game.

Twin Mirror for Android and iOS?

Yes you can download Twin Mirror on your Android and iOS platform and again they are also free to download.

Also Read:

How To download and Install Twin Mirror

Now to download and Install Twin Mirror for free on your PC you have to follow below given steps.If there is a problem then you can comment down below in the comment section we will love to help you on this.

  1. First you have to download Twin Mirror on your PC.You can find the download button at the top of the post.
  2. Now the download page will open.There you have to login .Once you login the download process will starts automatically.
  3. If you are unable to download this game then make sure you have deactivated your Ad blocker.Other wise you will not be able to download this game on to your PC.
  4. Now if you want to watch game Installation video and Trouble shooting tutorial then head over to the next section.

TROUBLESHOOTING Twin Mirror Download

Screenshots  (Tap To Enlarge)

 Now if you are interested in the screen shots then tap down on the picture to enlarge them.
Image result for twin mirror steam

Twin Mirror Review ,Walkthrough and Gameplay

Welcome to Twin Mirror free download PC game, a unique psychological thriller from don’t nod entertainment.In this short Twin Mirror fitgirl repack we’re going to take a look at the opening moments of the game and briefly introduce you to the world of basswood a fictional setting that reflects many of the social and economic challenges of small-town life in the American Rust Belt, we join our protagonist Sam Hicks bonne route back to basswood to attend the funeral of his best friend and Sam isn’t alone on this journey he’s accompanied by his alter ego the double who acts as an occasional Twin Mirror ocean of games and permanent wiseass.
I’m telling you we’d almost gotten over this and yet here again and this time you dragged me here the double is a manifestation of the inner voice that lies within all of us a voice.That offers us a different perspective to the world in Sam’s case the double represents the self-confidence he doesn’t have and also his innate instincts for self-preservation and protection this concept of duality is at the core of twin mirrors narrative experience and also at the heart of its innovative Twin Mirror pc download and to explain this in more detail let’s fast-forward to the day after the funeral Sam slowly awakens in his hotel room the funeral was a long day and a heavy night what happened last night.
I black out what and his day is about to get worse do not go in there what are you even still doing here Twin Mirror fitgirl repack. I need to shower and use the bathroom I did try to warn you that’s a lot of blood and that’s definitely my shirt from last night I need to know what went down last night – enamel the chain of events from night before Sam employs his unique abilities of memory Twin Mirror igg games and deductive reasoning these abilities combined with in his mind palace a mental space that enables him to examine store and sword sequences of information and he’ll use this space to deduce solutions to the various puzzles challenges Twin Mirror torrent.Crime scenes he’ll encounter Sam reconstructs the hotel room scene in his mind and then uses the information he has to work through the various possible permutations of his actions from the night before, I went to sleep obviously but did I do something before that whenever he encounters a block or a contradiction Sam is able to go back to the real location to gather evidence that further informs his deductions whatever happened I called 911 did I try and wash my shirt how drunk was.
I piece by piece a picture of events begins to take shape until finally the whole truth is revealed okay white government focus and new mysteries and objectives have emerged in his pursuit of these answers as he investigates further Sam will uncover a web of intrigue that spreads through the evocative locations and complex characters of basswood and he will be forced to decide who he can trust anyway and whether he can even trust himself twin mirrors first episode lost on arrival will be available in 2019 and we’ll be sharing more updates.

STATIONflow Free Download PC game

PerfectLover Fitgirl Repack Free Download PC Game

STATIONflow Fitgirl Repack Free Download PC Game final version or you can say the latest update is released for PC.And the best this about this DLC is that it’s free to download.In this Tutorial we will show you how to download and Install STATIONflow Torrent for free.Before you download and install this awesome game on your computer note that this game is highly compressed and is the repack version of this game.

Download STATIONflow Fit girl repack is a free to play game.Yes you can get this game for free.Now there are different website from which you can download STATIONflow igg games and ocean of games are the two most popular websites.Also ova games and the skidrow reloaded also provide you to download this awesome game.

STATIONflow for Android and iOS?

Yes you can download STATIONflow on your Android and iOS platform and again they are also free to download.

Also Read:

How To download and Install STATIONflow

Now to download and Install STATIONflow for free on your PC you have to follow below given steps.If there is a problem then you can comment down below in the comment section we will love to help you on this.

  1. First you have to download STATIONflow on your PC.You can find the download button at the top of the post.
  2. Now the download page will open.There you have to login .Once you login the download process will starts automatically.
  3. If you are unable to download this game then make sure you have deactivated your Ad blocker.Other wise you will not be able to download this game on to your PC.
  4. Now if you want to watch game Installation video and Trouble shooting tutorial then head over to the next section.

TROUBLESHOOTING STATIONflow Download

Screenshots  (Tap To Enlarge)

 Now if you are interested in the screen shots then tap down on the picture to enlarge them.

STATIONflow Review ,Walkthrough and Gameplay

I’ll come to some seconds the place to find new strategy games and today we’re gonna play STATIONflow download PC game, that I’m super excited to show off it’s called station flow gaming to early access on Steam on 20th of December and it’s sort of like a peeps connection to Metro game we sort of have to do signalling and stuff in a super collider. I’m playing it last night and I played for doula our stairs like a ghost our recording was gonna in the middle of the night so, I couldn’t I was like I still got this morning are we gonna do this so it’s morning so let’s see this now you’re not gonna start from the beginning really start from the end of level 1 just because the game gets more complex as it goes and I really want to show you the complex stuff because it’s so much fun STATIONflow igg games.

So I’ve sort of like leaves the beginning all of it by myself so let me talk to you about what is actually this game about this is a subway sort of like a connection game so, first of all since a big thank you to the developers for the key and essentially what you do is you’ve got this platform down here this this big Metro platform and this is where the metros comes or the subway and the people then go from the matter to different kind of exit so they move towards these we have a lot of exits we have like a to a STATIONflow torrent download and what you do you need to connect it’s already connected with the corridor so you essentially build corridors like this STATIONflow fitgirl repack.

I’m gonna show you as soon as it’s the next day and we get to connect more stuff and then you need to make signaling where essentially you sort of build signals like this let me show you a signal I’m gonna place places signal him and say hey everything which is the metro and all the a exits except 83 are in this direction STATIONflow free download and you get points depending on how happy people are which is you can do you have no people in the station because it’s almost midnight it’s gonna be the end of the day but people can get lost later on we can get stuff like food so they can search for food and then they can like want to find the toilet or that tourist they might just need information because they don’t know what exit they want so they need to check the information and you need to make sure that everybody knows where to go and doesn’t spend unnecessary time sort of being lost and then of course you have to handle your money but haven’t found money to be a big problem so far STATIONflow free download.

I got to like or something was like I gotta stop this alright so on the first day which I did by myself people are super happy and everything and now we get an a star rating and we are going to move to the next week’s going to unlock new things like drinks and it’s going to upgrade the first exit which means that more people will now be coming from this particular exit you can see it here you can see that this is like a two level and this is one level so now people are gonna be coming from here and they will want drinks so what do we here to do my mouse good stuff what we gonna do is we gonna make sure that people are looking for drinks have a place to find them so we should decide where we want to have our drinks so firstly I think it should would probably be a good idea to have some sort of drink sort of like down here like this moment it come out of the metric and go and have a drink and then we’re gonna place some I’m thinking let’s create a small plaza or something like a plaza maybe here in the middle and then this could be our sort of like a drinking spot so we could make this a bit wider STATIONflow skidrow.

We’re gonna place it over here and this is how you place a corridor now as in the real life it takes a while to build stuff so it’s actually a pretty important that you started building pretty quickly because if it takes a long time well done there’s no drink it and we’re gonna have a signals going this way over there now every time you sort of make an intersection I have noticed that it’s kind of important to give signaling in all the direction and rest to people – oh I don’t know where to go so, let’s just say that everything except a1 and drinks is this way also we should probably say the towards drink you could also get to a1 this way if you really want it to and then we need to add a new sim arrow this way which says hey go to 8th year but this is our first thing I’m gonna do the same signaling over here so this is gonna say drinks and then we’re gonna have one that goes this way and this is everything except a2 and this could also say oh and this is also except a 1 right because a 1 is behind so we’re gonna set one more a 1 and it’s in the moment it seems like it’s not gonna be excited matter s3 this game is very exciting it’s just gonna it’s gonna wait for it a little bit alright next we gotta add drink signage to everything else so we can go downie click see on the keyboard you go but we see the training go below and if you click as you go above like on the Mexico because they’re gonna be multiple it’s gonna be elevators they’re gonna be escalators they’re gonna be like I don’t know toilet rooms which are really big and you’re gonna fit them somewhere and it’s just there’s a lot of stuff happening ok now what you can do and I really like it let me show you if you click on this person he came from pot from Pima.

He’s trying to get to a 3 and you can see sort of like a view this is his view and he’s like. Okay looking where to go and he started he was like kind of slowing down so I don’t know where to go and then he saw this sign this is go up the stairs for all a exits and he’s like okay I’m going up the stairs now it’s starting here I’m climbing the stairs and then I’m like okay well what is he doing that he’s like okay 83 is this race is going this way very very good now we didn’t say on this I need to go to drinks are so we gotta see the drinks are here and then you should probably play some drinks because we said that the drinks are here now kind of like placing them sorta in the middle and he could have won back-to-back yeah I think that would be cool and maybe one more over here just so it looks big nice and then later we’re gonna have like information boards and we could place those on the you know like on the other side it’d just be real nice if you gotta move this there yeah you know information boards in between and we’re gonna have like a blossom it’s just it’s gonna be really cool this game it’s just not keep saying that okay so essentially what happens is we have here the current station rank once we get to maximum these sort of progress to next level this is us the current evaluation the valuation is based. How happy people are but also on you can actually give a sign down it it’s also based on like how many exits you have opens or indeed if all exits open but it also might be that you don’t have all exits open so immensely mellow right now interesting point here is he I said he but the drinks are this way but on the stairs it doesn’t say anything about drinks so it can happen is that people kind of turn around say wait wait but it’s a that ordering this but now the stairs don’t say to drink.

 

The Co-insurance Clause

The Co-insurance Clause
The Co-insurance Clause

Of the more important clauses in current use, the one most frequently used, most severely criticized, most mis¬ understood, most legislated against, and withal the most reasonable and most equitable, is that which in general terms is known as the “co-insurance clause.”
Insurance is one of the great necessities of our business, social and economic life, and the expense of maintaining it should be distributed among the property owners of the country as equitably as it is humanly possible so to do.
Losses and expenses are paid out of premiums col¬ lected. When a loss is total the penalty for underinsurance falls where it properly belongs, on the insured who has elected to save premium and assume a portion of the risk himself, and the same penalty for underinsurance should by contract be made to apply in case of partial loss as applies automatically in case of total loss.
If all losses were total, liberality on the part of the insured in the payment of premium would bring its own reward, and parsimony would bring its own penalty; but the records of the leading companies show that of all the losses sustained, about 65%—numerically—are less than $100; about 30% are between $100 and total; and about 5% are total. The natural inclination, therefore, on the part of the public, particularly on the less hazardous risks, is to under¬ insure and take the chance of not having a total loss; and this will generally be done except under special conditions, or when reasonably full insurance must be carried to sustain credit or as collateral security for loans. There were several strik¬ ing illustrations of this in the San Francisco conflagration, where the amount of insurance carried on so-called fireproof buildings was less than 10% of their value, and the insured in such instances, of course, paid a heavy penalty for their neglect to carry adequate insurance.
Co-insurance operates only in case of partial loss, where both the insurance carried and the loss sustained are less than the prescribed percentage named in the clause, and has the effect of preventing one who has insured for a small percentage of value and paid a correspondingly small pre¬ mium from collecting as much in the event of loss as one who has insured for a large percentage of value and paid a correspondingly large premium. We have high authority for the principle,
“He which soweth sparingly shall reap also sparingly, and he which soweth bountifully shall reap also bountifully.”
and it should be applied to contracts of insurance. Rating systems may come, and rating systems may go; but, unless the principle of co-insurance be recognized and universally applied, there can be no equitable division of the insurance burden, and the existing inequalities will go on forever. The principle is so well established in some countries that the general foreign form of policy issued by the London offices for use therein contains the full co-insurance clause in the printed conditions.
The necessity for co-insurance as an equalizer of rates was quite forcibly illustrated by a prominent underwriter in an ad¬ dress delivered several years ago, in the following example involving two buildings of superior construction:
“A’S” BUILDING “B’S” BUILDING
Value $100,000 Value $100,000
Insurance 80,000 Insurance 10,000
Rate 1% Rate 1%
Premium received— Premium received—
one year, 800 one year, 100
No Co-insurance Clause No Co-insurance Clause
Loss 800 Loss 800
Loss Collectible 800 Loss Collectible 800
“B” pays only one-eighth as much premium as “A,” yet both collect the same amount of loss, and in the absence of co-insurance conditions both would collect the same amount in all instances where the loss is $10,000 or less. Of course, if the loss should exceed $10,000, “A” would reap his reward, and “B” would pay his penalty. This situation clearly calls either for a difference in rate in favor of “A” or for a difference in loss collection as against “B,” and the latter can be regulated only through the medium of a co-insurance condition in the policy.
At this point it may not be amiss incidentally to inquire why the owner of a building which is heavily encumbered, whose policies are payable to a mortgagee (particularly a junior encumbrancer) under a mortgagee clause, and where subrogation may be of little or no value, should have the benefit of the same rate as the owner of another building of similar construction with similar occupancy, but unencum¬ bered.
In some states rates are made with and without co- insurance conditions, quite a material reduction in the basis rate being allowed for the insertion of the 80% clause in the policy, and a further reduction for the use of the 90% and 100% clauses. This, however, does not go far enough, and any variation in rate should be graded according to the co-insurance percentage named in the clause, and this gradation should not be restricted, as it is, to 80%, 90% or 100%, if the principle of equalization is to be maintained.
Various clauses designed to give practical effect to the co-insurance principle have been in use in this country for nearly forty years in connection with fire and other contracts of insurance. Some of these are well adapted to the purpose intended, while others fail to accomplish said purpose under certain conditions; but, fortunately, incidents of this nature are not of frequent occurrence.
There are, generally speaking, four forms, which differ quite materially in phraseology, and sometimes differ in prac¬ tical application. These four clauses are: (1) the old co- insurance clause; (2) the percentage co-insurance clause; (3) the average clause; (4) the reduced rate contribution clause.
Until recently, underwriters were complacently using some of these titles indiscriminately in certain portions of the country, under the assumption that the clauses, although differently phrased, were in effect the same, but they were subjected to quite a rude awakening by a decision which was handed down about a year ago by the Tennessee Court of Civic Appeals. The law in Tennessee permits the use of the three-fourths value clause and the co-insurance clause, but permits no other restrictive provisions. The form in use bore the inscription “Co-insurance Clause,” but the context was the phraseology of the reduced rate contribution clause, and although the result was the same under the operation of either, the court held that the form used was not the co- insurance clause, hence it was void and consequently inop¬ erative. Thompson vs. Concordia Fire Ins. Co. (Tenn. 1919) 215 S.W. Rep. 932, 55 Ins. Law Journal 122.
The law of Georgia provides that all insurance companies shall pay the full amount of loss sustained up to the amount of insurance expressed in the policy, and that all stipulations in such policies to the contrary shall be null and void. The law further provides that when the insured has several policies on the same property, his recovery from any company will be pro rata as to the amount thereof.
About twenty years ago, the Supreipe Court of Georgia was called upon to decide whether under the law referred to the old co-insurance clause then in use, which provided
“that the assured shall at all times maintain a total insurance upon the property insured by this policy of not less than 75% of the actual cash value thereof . . . . and that failing to do so, the assured shall
become a co-insurer to the extent of the deficiency,”
was valid and enforceable, and it decided that the clause was not violative of the law. Pekor vs. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. (1898) (106 Ga. page 1)

The Co-insurance Clause
The Co-insurance Clause
The court evidently construed the clause as a binding agreement on the part of the insured to secure insurance up to a certain percentage of value, and virtually held that if the insured himself desired to take the place of another insurance company he was at liberty to do so as one way of fulfilling his agreement.

The Georgia courts, however, have not passed upon the validity of the reduced rate contribution clause in connection with the statutory law above referred to; but it is fair to assume that they will view the matter in the same light as the Tennessee court (supra), and hold that it is not a co-insurance clause, even though it generally produces the same result; that it contains no provision whatever requiring the insured to carry or procure a stated amount of insurance, and in event of failure, to become a co-insurer, but that it is simply a clause placing a limitation upon the insurer’s liability, which is expressly prohibited by statute. The fact that the insurers have labeled it “75% Co-insurance Clause” does not make it such.
It is, therefore, not at all surprising that the question is frequently asked as to the difference between the various forms of so-called co-insurance clauses, and these will be considered in the order in which, chronologically, they came into use.
Probably in ninety-nine cases out of one hundred there is no difference* between these clauses in the results obtained by their application, but cases occasionally arise where ac¬ cording to the generally accepted interpretation the difference will be quite pronounced. This difference, which will be hereinafter considered, appears in connecton with the old co-insurance clause and the percentage co-insurance clause, and only in cases where the policies are nonconcurrent.
The first of the four forms is the old co-insurance clause which for many years was the only one used in the West, and which is used there still, to some extent, and now quite generally in the South. Its reintroduction in the South was probably due to the Tennessee decision, to which reference has been made (supra). This clause provides that the insured shall maintain insurance on the property described in the policy to the extent of at least a stated percentage (usually 80%) of the actual cash value thereof, and failing so to do, shall to the extent of such deficit bear his, her or their pro¬ portion of any loss. It does not say that he shall maintain insurance on all of the property, and the prevailing opinion is that the co-insurance clause will be complied with if he carries the stipulated percentage of insurance either on all or on any part of the property described, notwithstanding the fact that a portion of said insurance may be of no assist¬ ance whatever to the blanket, or more general policy, as a contributing factor.

Yang2020 Path To Presidency Fitgirl Repack

Yang2020 Path To Presidency Fitgirl Repack Free Download PC Game

Yang2020 Path To Presidency Fitgirl Repack Free Download PC Game final version or you can say the latest update is released for PC.And the best this about this DLC is that it’s free to download.In this Tutorial we will show you how to download and Install Yang2020 Path To Presidency Torrent for free.Before you download and install this awesome game on your computer note that this game is highly compressed and is the repack version of this game.

Download Yang2020 Path To Presidency Fit girl repack is a free to play game.Yes you can get this game for free.Now there are different website from which you can download Yang2020 Path To Presidency igg games and ocean of games are the two most popular websites.Also ova games and the skidrow reloaded also provide you to download this awesome game.

Yang2020 Path To Presidency for Android and iOS?

Yes you can download Yang2020 Path To Presidency on your Android and iOS platform and again they are also free to download.

Also Read:

How To download and Install Yang2020 Path To Presidency

Now to download and Install Yang2020 Path To Presidency for free on your PC you have to follow below given steps.If there is a problem then you can comment down below in the comment section we will love to help you on this.

  1. First you have to download Yang2020 Path To Presidency on your PC.You can find the download button at the top of the post.
  2. Now the download page will open.There you have to login .Once you login the download process will starts automatically.
  3. If you are unable to download this game then make sure you have deactivated your Ad blocker.Other wise you will not be able to download this game on to your PC.
  4. Now if you want to watch game Installation video and Trouble shooting tutorial then head over to the next section.

TROUBLESHOOTING Yang2020 Path To Presidency Download

Screenshots  (Tap To Enlarge)

 Now if you are interested in the screen shots then tap down on the picture to enlarge them.

Yang2020 Path To Presidency Review ,Walkthrough and Gameplay

A former tech company executive who’s a political newcomer — “I Yang2020 Path To Presidency game download ,am not a career politician, as most of you know. I’m an entrepreneur.” — with a devoted internet following. “Hello, I’m Andrew Yang.” And an army of memes. Andrew Yang is running for president. So, who is he? Yang is the son of Taiwanese immigrants and a lawyer by training. But he made his mark as an entrepreneur. He helped build a college test preparation business that was bought by a big company. And it made him a modest fortune. “Are you ready to build something?” After that, he started an organization that connects college graduates with startups. That job took him across the Midwest and eventually led him to politics. “We automated away four million manufacturing jobs in Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and so I was like, why are we not talking about that?Yang2020 Path To Presidency torrent So, that’s where this all started.” So, what are his priorities? Well, he’s got a long list. But the one policy that’s turning heads: “Universal basic income —” “Universal basic income —” “He calls it the Freedom Dividend.” “Now if you’ve heard anything about me, you‘ve heard that there’s an Asian man running for president who wants to give everyone $1,000 a month. And all of those things are true.”

Yang says this will ease the pain caused by the robot apocalypse, as more jobs become automated. His internet army, known as the Yang Gang — “Where’s the money? Where’s the money? We have the money.” — helped sell the policy with the Yang2020 Path To Presidency fitgirl repack hashtag. But opponents of the plan say its price tag makes it unrealistic. It could cost approximately $2 trillion, roughly half the current federal budget. Some of his other policy proposals? Medicare for all, gun safety and even free marriage counseling for all. The dilemma to Yang as an internet darling? Some of that support is coming from the internet’s far right, in places like 4chan, Gab and 8chan. Yang has spoken out against it. But there’s no doubt it’s helped him go viral. “You know, it’s been a point of confusion because I don’t look much like a white nationalist. So, I’ve completely disavowed any of that support.” What’s his relationship with President Trump? Well, Yang has positioned himself like this: “The opposite of Donald Trump is an Asian guy who likes math. And then there’s even an acronym we’re working with, which is Make America Think.” And he hasn’t held back. “As an entrepreneur, most entrepreneurs feel like Donald Trump gives us all a bad name and he’s more of a marketing charlatan than he is a real builder.” Yang doesn’t seem to be on Trump’s radar just yet.

Yang says he’s the candidate to beat Trump because he’s focused on the economic anxiety that got Trump into the White House. “We need to evolve to the next form of our economy in order for Americans to have a path forward.” So, what are his chances? Yang is still a fringe candidate by conventional standards and polling behind the leading Democratic contenders. “Yang2020 Path To Presidency pc download. Yang Gang 2020.” But in an era where a so-called meme army helped President Trump win, being an online megastar could still count for something.

The Co-insurance Clause

The Co-insurance Clause
The Co-insurance Clause

Of the more important clauses in current use, the one most frequently used, most severely criticized, most mis¬ understood, most legislated against, and withal the most reasonable and most equitable, is that which in general terms is known as the “co-insurance clause.”
Insurance is one of the great necessities of our business, social and economic life, and the expense of maintaining it should be distributed among the property owners of the country as equitably as it is humanly possible so to do.
Losses and expenses are paid out of premiums col¬ lected. When a loss is total the penalty for underinsurance falls where it properly belongs, on the insured who has elected to save premium and assume a portion of the risk himself, and the same penalty for underinsurance should by contract be made to apply in case of partial loss as applies automatically in case of total loss.
If all losses were total, liberality on the part of the insured in the payment of premium would bring its own reward, and parsimony would bring its own penalty; but the records of the leading companies show that of all the losses sustained, about 65%—numerically—are less than $100; about 30% are between $100 and total; and about 5% are total. The natural inclination, therefore, on the part of the public, particularly on the less hazardous risks, is to under¬ insure and take the chance of not having a total loss; and this will generally be done except under special conditions, or when reasonably full insurance must be carried to sustain credit or as collateral security for loans. There were several strik¬ ing illustrations of this in the San Francisco conflagration, where the amount of insurance carried on so-called fireproof buildings was less than 10% of their value, and the insured in such instances, of course, paid a heavy penalty for their neglect to carry adequate insurance.
Co-insurance operates only in case of partial loss, where both the insurance carried and the loss sustained are less than the prescribed percentage named in the clause, and has the effect of preventing one who has insured for a small percentage of value and paid a correspondingly small pre¬ mium from collecting as much in the event of loss as one who has insured for a large percentage of value and paid a correspondingly large premium. We have high authority for the principle,
“He which soweth sparingly shall reap also sparingly, and he which soweth bountifully shall reap also bountifully.”
and it should be applied to contracts of insurance. Rating systems may come, and rating systems may go; but, unless the principle of co-insurance be recognized and universally applied, there can be no equitable division of the insurance burden, and the existing inequalities will go on forever. The principle is so well established in some countries that the general foreign form of policy issued by the London offices for use therein contains the full co-insurance clause in the printed conditions.
The necessity for co-insurance as an equalizer of rates was quite forcibly illustrated by a prominent underwriter in an ad¬ dress delivered several years ago, in the following example involving two buildings of superior construction:
“A’S” BUILDING “B’S” BUILDING
Value $100,000 Value $100,000
Insurance 80,000 Insurance 10,000
Rate 1% Rate 1%
Premium received— Premium received—
one year, 800 one year, 100
No Co-insurance Clause No Co-insurance Clause
Loss 800 Loss 800
Loss Collectible 800 Loss Collectible 800
“B” pays only one-eighth as much premium as “A,” yet both collect the same amount of loss, and in the absence of co-insurance conditions both would collect the same amount in all instances where the loss is $10,000 or less. Of course, if the loss should exceed $10,000, “A” would reap his reward, and “B” would pay his penalty. This situation clearly calls either for a difference in rate in favor of “A” or for a difference in loss collection as against “B,” and the latter can be regulated only through the medium of a co-insurance condition in the policy.
At this point it may not be amiss incidentally to inquire why the owner of a building which is heavily encumbered, whose policies are payable to a mortgagee (particularly a junior encumbrancer) under a mortgagee clause, and where subrogation may be of little or no value, should have the benefit of the same rate as the owner of another building of similar construction with similar occupancy, but unencum¬ bered.
In some states rates are made with and without co- insurance conditions, quite a material reduction in the basis rate being allowed for the insertion of the 80% clause in the policy, and a further reduction for the use of the 90% and 100% clauses. This, however, does not go far enough, and any variation in rate should be graded according to the co-insurance percentage named in the clause, and this gradation should not be restricted, as it is, to 80%, 90% or 100%, if the principle of equalization is to be maintained.
Various clauses designed to give practical effect to the co-insurance principle have been in use in this country for nearly forty years in connection with fire and other contracts of insurance. Some of these are well adapted to the purpose intended, while others fail to accomplish said purpose under certain conditions; but, fortunately, incidents of this nature are not of frequent occurrence.
There are, generally speaking, four forms, which differ quite materially in phraseology, and sometimes differ in prac¬ tical application. These four clauses are: (1) the old co- insurance clause; (2) the percentage co-insurance clause; (3) the average clause; (4) the reduced rate contribution clause.
Until recently, underwriters were complacently using some of these titles indiscriminately in certain portions of the country, under the assumption that the clauses, although differently phrased, were in effect the same, but they were subjected to quite a rude awakening by a decision which was handed down about a year ago by the Tennessee Court of Civic Appeals. The law in Tennessee permits the use of the three-fourths value clause and the co-insurance clause, but permits no other restrictive provisions. The form in use bore the inscription “Co-insurance Clause,” but the context was the phraseology of the reduced rate contribution clause, and although the result was the same under the operation of either, the court held that the form used was not the co- insurance clause, hence it was void and consequently inop¬ erative. Thompson vs. Concordia Fire Ins. Co. (Tenn. 1919) 215 S.W. Rep. 932, 55 Ins. Law Journal 122.
The law of Georgia provides that all insurance companies shall pay the full amount of loss sustained up to the amount of insurance expressed in the policy, and that all stipulations in such policies to the contrary shall be null and void. The law further provides that when the insured has several policies on the same property, his recovery from any company will be pro rata as to the amount thereof.
About twenty years ago, the Supreipe Court of Georgia was called upon to decide whether under the law referred to the old co-insurance clause then in use, which provided
“that the assured shall at all times maintain a total insurance upon the property insured by this policy of not less than 75% of the actual cash value thereof . . . . and that failing to do so, the assured shall
become a co-insurer to the extent of the deficiency,”
was valid and enforceable, and it decided that the clause was not violative of the law. Pekor vs. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. (1898) (106 Ga. page 1)

The Co-insurance Clause
The Co-insurance Clause
The court evidently construed the clause as a binding agreement on the part of the insured to secure insurance up to a certain percentage of value, and virtually held that if the insured himself desired to take the place of another insurance company he was at liberty to do so as one way of fulfilling his agreement.

The Georgia courts, however, have not passed upon the validity of the reduced rate contribution clause in connection with the statutory law above referred to; but it is fair to assume that they will view the matter in the same light as the Tennessee court (supra), and hold that it is not a co-insurance clause, even though it generally produces the same result; that it contains no provision whatever requiring the insured to carry or procure a stated amount of insurance, and in event of failure, to become a co-insurer, but that it is simply a clause placing a limitation upon the insurer’s liability, which is expressly prohibited by statute. The fact that the insurers have labeled it “75% Co-insurance Clause” does not make it such.
It is, therefore, not at all surprising that the question is frequently asked as to the difference between the various forms of so-called co-insurance clauses, and these will be considered in the order in which, chronologically, they came into use.
Probably in ninety-nine cases out of one hundred there is no difference* between these clauses in the results obtained by their application, but cases occasionally arise where ac¬ cording to the generally accepted interpretation the difference will be quite pronounced. This difference, which will be hereinafter considered, appears in connecton with the old co-insurance clause and the percentage co-insurance clause, and only in cases where the policies are nonconcurrent.
The first of the four forms is the old co-insurance clause which for many years was the only one used in the West, and which is used there still, to some extent, and now quite generally in the South. Its reintroduction in the South was probably due to the Tennessee decision, to which reference has been made (supra). This clause provides that the insured shall maintain insurance on the property described in the policy to the extent of at least a stated percentage (usually 80%) of the actual cash value thereof, and failing so to do, shall to the extent of such deficit bear his, her or their pro¬ portion of any loss. It does not say that he shall maintain insurance on all of the property, and the prevailing opinion is that the co-insurance clause will be complied with if he carries the stipulated percentage of insurance either on all or on any part of the property described, notwithstanding the fact that a portion of said insurance may be of no assist¬ ance whatever to the blanket, or more general policy, as a contributing factor.

Starship Helmet Fitgirl Repack Free Download

Starship Helmet Fitgirl Repack Free Download PC Game

Starship Helmet Fitgirl Repack Free Download PC Game final version or you can say the latest update is released for PC.And the best this about this DLC is that it’s free to download.In this Tutorial we will show you how to download and Install Starship Helmet Torrent for free.Before you download and install this awesome game on your computer note that this game is highly compressed and is the repack version of this game.

Download Starship Helmet Fit girl repack is a free to play game.Yes you can get this game for free.Now there are different website from which you can download Starship Helmet igg games and ocean of games are the two most popular websites.Also ova games and the skidrow reloaded also provide you to download this awesome game.

Starship Helmet for Android and iOS?

Yes you can download Starship Helmet on your Android and iOS platform and again they are also free to download.

Also Read:

How To download and Install Starship Helmet

Now to download and Install Starship Helmet for free on your PC you have to follow below given steps.If there is a problem then you can comment down below in the comment section we will love to help you on this.

  1. First you have to download Starship Helmet on your PC.You can find the download button at the top of the post.
  2. Now the download page will open.There you have to login .Once you login the download process will starts automatically.
  3. If you are unable to download this game then make sure you have deactivated your Ad blocker.Other wise you will not be able to download this game on to your PC.
  4. Now if you want to watch game Installation video and Trouble shooting tutorial then head over to the next section.

TROUBLESHOOTING Starship Helmet Download

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Starship Helmet Review ,Walkthrough and Gameplay

They sucked his brains out welcome back to hero’s workshop this is stealth today going to be building a Starship Helmet game download foam cosplay helmet from the 1997 film directed by Paul Verhoeven.This is another one of my favorite films growing up if you guys want to build the helmet yourself there’s a template link in the description so you can get the file and build your own helmet along with us I also will be building the armor in another video for all your cosplay building supplies please visit hero’s workshop comm there you’ll find an Amazon affiliate products section where heroes workshop gets a small percentage of each product sold which helps fund newStarship Helmet igg games, cosplay building projects so we start off with the templates we’re going to cut these out with a box cutter utility knife whatever you got any new scissors cut out all the pieces.

Then we’re gonna take the pieces with the cuts in them and we’re gonna put some tape you can use any tape you like we’re gonna take these cuts together and right with these pieces when they’re taped up we’re gonna create a new Celtic template and we’re gonna trace it on another piece of Starship Helmet fitgirl repacks, so that way you don’t have to worry about the tape ever coming off so what you do is you take the piece and you squish it down on a piece of cardstock and then you trace it and then you cut that piece out and then you use that to trace the template piece onto the phone then we transfer all the template pieces to the phone remember to flip pieces to create the other side remember to combine pieces to create bigger pieces to reduce seams.

I did all the details on the foam so that way was easier to put them on rather than have the helmet built and then put the details on after I did miss a few areas so I went back and used the template piece to trace and add those details then I cut out the pieces remember to refer to the pepper core software whenever there’s an angled cut it’s that way you get the right shape of the piece when you’re assembling it you can see what some pieces. I left a little lip around it that helps gluing another piece over top of it remember to do that with your pieces if you’d like once I had all the foam pieces cut out I use my knife to score all the details and then I went over those scored lines with the heat gun when you do that it brings the lines out it makes the details more exposed that way they really stand out then I use the heat gun on the pieces and I he formed those pieces on that ball to get Starship Helmet torrent.

The round shape that I was looking for especially the top dome because that’s the roundest part of the entire belt first I put a bit of contact cement on the each side of the piece that’s going to connect to each other and then I use a piece of scrap foam kind of like a squeegee and I smooth out the contact cement and then I use the heat gun to activate the curing process of the contact cement so it dries a little bit quicker.I assembled all the pieces together here’s where I added some of the details that I missed so I just cut them out on the template and then I put the template on the helmet and just traced it with a pen and did the same thing going over with a knife and then hitting it with a heat gun to make it stand out later do a chin strap template freehand I’m included this in the peppercorn file download it’s a lot nicer than this so don’t worry it’s all symmetrical and everything.

I took this cut it out and put it on some black foam traced it cut it out and then I put some contact cement on the very ends of the bottom and then I merged those three into a shape like this and then I had a chin strap then I sanded all the sharp edges down and all the seams with some hunter grit sandpaper and then I went over all those areas again with some 406 good sandpaper to get even smoother finish then I used some quick seal acrylic pulp and I use that to fill in all the gaps seams and other imperfections on the helmet I use the plastic spreader and just to get the material into all the areas and grooves.I use some 400 grit sandpaper to smooth down where I put the quick steel remember be gentle don’t out go too crazy on this part here then you take your preferred sealing solution PVA glue Plasti Dip.

I use bounce and then you grab a doggo if you have available to apply it just kidding and then you take a brush brush it on entire helmet you can put one or two coats i recommend two coats on this helmet just because of the quick seal amount that you probably use for this helmet you mixed a custom gray color and I painted the entire home at this gray base and then I used some modeling weathering the quit you can also use watered-down black acrylic paint you just water it down and then paint the helmet and just brush it on in little crevices and areas then you take a paper towel and you wipe and then you dab just to get a weathered effect on the helmet and then I took some brown weathering paint you can also use brown acrylic water down do the same thing pick certain areas where you want the like a mud effect.

I took another paper towel and I dabbed and wiped across the helmet just to give it a more realistic look and I also did the chin guard just so didn’t look too much like foam then it took some silver hobby paint you can also use acrylic paint and I just went on the edges and I dry brushed the edges on the helmet just to give it a battle-worn look then I added some velcro on the ends of the chin guard and on the inside of the cheek guards away can attach a chingar easily on and off so that’s the starship trooper foam cosplay helmet build I will be building the armor in another video if you like to build this helmet in the meantime the link is in the description and it also is a link in the top right corner.

The Co-insurance Clause

The Co-insurance Clause
The Co-insurance Clause

Of the more important clauses in current use, the one most frequently used, most severely criticized, most mis¬ understood, most legislated against, and withal the most reasonable and most equitable, is that which in general terms is known as the “co-insurance clause.”
Insurance is one of the great necessities of our business, social and economic life, and the expense of maintaining it should be distributed among the property owners of the country as equitably as it is humanly possible so to do.
Losses and expenses are paid out of premiums col¬ lected. When a loss is total the penalty for underinsurance falls where it properly belongs, on the insured who has elected to save premium and assume a portion of the risk himself, and the same penalty for underinsurance should by contract be made to apply in case of partial loss as applies automatically in case of total loss.
If all losses were total, liberality on the part of the insured in the payment of premium would bring its own reward, and parsimony would bring its own penalty; but the records of the leading companies show that of all the losses sustained, about 65%—numerically—are less than $100; about 30% are between $100 and total; and about 5% are total. The natural inclination, therefore, on the part of the public, particularly on the less hazardous risks, is to under¬ insure and take the chance of not having a total loss; and this will generally be done except under special conditions, or when reasonably full insurance must be carried to sustain credit or as collateral security for loans. There were several strik¬ ing illustrations of this in the San Francisco conflagration, where the amount of insurance carried on so-called fireproof buildings was less than 10% of their value, and the insured in such instances, of course, paid a heavy penalty for their neglect to carry adequate insurance.
Co-insurance operates only in case of partial loss, where both the insurance carried and the loss sustained are less than the prescribed percentage named in the clause, and has the effect of preventing one who has insured for a small percentage of value and paid a correspondingly small pre¬ mium from collecting as much in the event of loss as one who has insured for a large percentage of value and paid a correspondingly large premium. We have high authority for the principle,
“He which soweth sparingly shall reap also sparingly, and he which soweth bountifully shall reap also bountifully.”
and it should be applied to contracts of insurance. Rating systems may come, and rating systems may go; but, unless the principle of co-insurance be recognized and universally applied, there can be no equitable division of the insurance burden, and the existing inequalities will go on forever. The principle is so well established in some countries that the general foreign form of policy issued by the London offices for use therein contains the full co-insurance clause in the printed conditions.
The necessity for co-insurance as an equalizer of rates was quite forcibly illustrated by a prominent underwriter in an ad¬ dress delivered several years ago, in the following example involving two buildings of superior construction:
“A’S” BUILDING “B’S” BUILDING
Value $100,000 Value $100,000
Insurance 80,000 Insurance 10,000
Rate 1% Rate 1%
Premium received— Premium received—
one year, 800 one year, 100
No Co-insurance Clause No Co-insurance Clause
Loss 800 Loss 800
Loss Collectible 800 Loss Collectible 800
“B” pays only one-eighth as much premium as “A,” yet both collect the same amount of loss, and in the absence of co-insurance conditions both would collect the same amount in all instances where the loss is $10,000 or less. Of course, if the loss should exceed $10,000, “A” would reap his reward, and “B” would pay his penalty. This situation clearly calls either for a difference in rate in favor of “A” or for a difference in loss collection as against “B,” and the latter can be regulated only through the medium of a co-insurance condition in the policy.
At this point it may not be amiss incidentally to inquire why the owner of a building which is heavily encumbered, whose policies are payable to a mortgagee (particularly a junior encumbrancer) under a mortgagee clause, and where subrogation may be of little or no value, should have the benefit of the same rate as the owner of another building of similar construction with similar occupancy, but unencum¬ bered.
In some states rates are made with and without co- insurance conditions, quite a material reduction in the basis rate being allowed for the insertion of the 80% clause in the policy, and a further reduction for the use of the 90% and 100% clauses. This, however, does not go far enough, and any variation in rate should be graded according to the co-insurance percentage named in the clause, and this gradation should not be restricted, as it is, to 80%, 90% or 100%, if the principle of equalization is to be maintained.
Various clauses designed to give practical effect to the co-insurance principle have been in use in this country for nearly forty years in connection with fire and other contracts of insurance. Some of these are well adapted to the purpose intended, while others fail to accomplish said purpose under certain conditions; but, fortunately, incidents of this nature are not of frequent occurrence.
There are, generally speaking, four forms, which differ quite materially in phraseology, and sometimes differ in prac¬ tical application. These four clauses are: (1) the old co- insurance clause; (2) the percentage co-insurance clause; (3) the average clause; (4) the reduced rate contribution clause.
Until recently, underwriters were complacently using some of these titles indiscriminately in certain portions of the country, under the assumption that the clauses, although differently phrased, were in effect the same, but they were subjected to quite a rude awakening by a decision which was handed down about a year ago by the Tennessee Court of Civic Appeals. The law in Tennessee permits the use of the three-fourths value clause and the co-insurance clause, but permits no other restrictive provisions. The form in use bore the inscription “Co-insurance Clause,” but the context was the phraseology of the reduced rate contribution clause, and although the result was the same under the operation of either, the court held that the form used was not the co- insurance clause, hence it was void and consequently inop¬ erative. Thompson vs. Concordia Fire Ins. Co. (Tenn. 1919) 215 S.W. Rep. 932, 55 Ins. Law Journal 122.
The law of Georgia provides that all insurance companies shall pay the full amount of loss sustained up to the amount of insurance expressed in the policy, and that all stipulations in such policies to the contrary shall be null and void. The law further provides that when the insured has several policies on the same property, his recovery from any company will be pro rata as to the amount thereof.
About twenty years ago, the Supreipe Court of Georgia was called upon to decide whether under the law referred to the old co-insurance clause then in use, which provided
“that the assured shall at all times maintain a total insurance upon the property insured by this policy of not less than 75% of the actual cash value thereof . . . . and that failing to do so, the assured shall
become a co-insurer to the extent of the deficiency,”
was valid and enforceable, and it decided that the clause was not violative of the law. Pekor vs. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. (1898) (106 Ga. page 1)

The Co-insurance Clause
The Co-insurance Clause
The court evidently construed the clause as a binding agreement on the part of the insured to secure insurance up to a certain percentage of value, and virtually held that if the insured himself desired to take the place of another insurance company he was at liberty to do so as one way of fulfilling his agreement.

The Georgia courts, however, have not passed upon the validity of the reduced rate contribution clause in connection with the statutory law above referred to; but it is fair to assume that they will view the matter in the same light as the Tennessee court (supra), and hold that it is not a co-insurance clause, even though it generally produces the same result; that it contains no provision whatever requiring the insured to carry or procure a stated amount of insurance, and in event of failure, to become a co-insurer, but that it is simply a clause placing a limitation upon the insurer’s liability, which is expressly prohibited by statute. The fact that the insurers have labeled it “75% Co-insurance Clause” does not make it such.
It is, therefore, not at all surprising that the question is frequently asked as to the difference between the various forms of so-called co-insurance clauses, and these will be considered in the order in which, chronologically, they came into use.
Probably in ninety-nine cases out of one hundred there is no difference* between these clauses in the results obtained by their application, but cases occasionally arise where ac¬ cording to the generally accepted interpretation the difference will be quite pronounced. This difference, which will be hereinafter considered, appears in connecton with the old co-insurance clause and the percentage co-insurance clause, and only in cases where the policies are nonconcurrent.
The first of the four forms is the old co-insurance clause which for many years was the only one used in the West, and which is used there still, to some extent, and now quite generally in the South. Its reintroduction in the South was probably due to the Tennessee decision, to which reference has been made (supra). This clause provides that the insured shall maintain insurance on the property described in the policy to the extent of at least a stated percentage (usually 80%) of the actual cash value thereof, and failing so to do, shall to the extent of such deficit bear his, her or their pro¬ portion of any loss. It does not say that he shall maintain insurance on all of the property, and the prevailing opinion is that the co-insurance clause will be complied with if he carries the stipulated percentage of insurance either on all or on any part of the property described, notwithstanding the fact that a portion of said insurance may be of no assist¬ ance whatever to the blanket, or more general policy, as a contributing factor.

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Furry Stories Alpha Male Fitgirl Repack Free Download PC Game final version or you can say the latest update is released for PC.And the best this about this DLC is that it’s free to download.In this Tutorial we will show you how to download and Install Furry Stories Alpha Male Torrent for free.Before you download and install this awesome game on your computer note that this game is highly compressed and is the repack version of this game.

Download Furry Stories Alpha Male Fit girl repack is a free to play game.Yes you can get this game for free.Now there are different website from which you can download Furry Stories Alpha Male igg games and ocean of games are the two most popular websites.Also ova games and the skidrow reloaded also provide you to download this awesome game.

Furry Stories Alpha Male for Android and iOS?

Yes you can download Furry Stories Alpha Male on your Android and iOS platform and again they are also free to download.

Also Read:

How To download and Install Furry Stories Alpha Male

Now to download and Install Furry Stories Alpha Male for free on your PC you have to follow below given steps.If there is a problem then you can comment down below in the comment section we will love to help you on this.

  1. First you have to download Furry Stories Alpha Male on your PC.You can find the download button at the top of the post.
  2. Now the download page will open.There you have to login .Once you login the download process will starts automatically.
  3. If you are unable to download this game then make sure you have deactivated your Ad blocker.Other wise you will not be able to download this game on to your PC.
  4. Now if you want to watch game Installation video and Trouble shooting tutorial then head over to the next section.

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Screenshots  (Tap To Enlarge)

 Now if you are interested in the screen shots then tap down on the picture to enlarge them.

Furry Stories Alpha Male Review ,Walkthrough and Gameplay

Today we’ll be talking about my first time first suiting on my college campus, now as a fair warning before we start this I don’t have many photos or footage from the experience itself but even though you guys will be watching this about a week from now I hope you all had a safe and fun Halloween I know I did I visited around campus and ate a lot of candy also like shout out to the guy who handed me like a bag of Reese’s at Fir pock I know I had like three other people who handed me bags of candy but this guy knows what’s up and for the record this isn’t an opinion or anything it’s factual Reese’s are the best Halloween candy I know there’s such a thing as wrong opinions when it comes to facts I understand you’re upset Furry Stories Alpha Male download.Yeah we’re doing things a little bit different this time so apologies for not sticking with the whole character still style throughout the entirety of this video I actually didn’t get any footage or photos from that whole experience for several reasons actually and I would be doing this whole thing in Furry Stories Alpha Male igg games.

If maverick didn’t just take a shower theoretical shower and he’s drying right now so I can’t really put him on and he needs brushes lots of brushes so you’re stuck with me for a few minutes or so but yes today is Halloween the day where Furry Stories Alpha Male ocean of games decide hey I can wear my first suit anywhere I want which to be fair we can we have the most expensive and higher-quality costumes out of everyone we know I personally had the best costume on campus even though a lot of people avoided me okay this man just he wins Halloween best Doug Furry Stories Alpha Male torrent  cosplay.

I’ve ever seen well I mean it’s more of a costume but he doesn’t cause either way this is awesome look at that look at this man look at how proud he is I don’t know why I just wanted to share that with you guys also this green screen is off-center I don’t like it there are people downstairs arguing and that is not my problem but I’m jumping way ahead of things let’s go back to like when I rolled out of bed at 1:00 p.m. I woke up this afternoon and realized oh it’s Halloween that’s cool. I don’t know I’m gonna do earlier this week. I was kind of all for free shooting on campus and then I looked at the forecast and saw it was gonna be four days of rain including today I tweeted that I unfortunately wasn’t gonna first seed for Halloween.

The first who dies was my main worry with this and no that’s not because I’m overly protective my first suit is because I don’t know if they put any paint sealing in the thing so because of the constant rain that week I really didn’t want to risk anything the East Coast was awful this week I’m just saying but then this individual gave me an interesting idea take some plastic bags put them over my and it’ll protect it from the rain so after a mix of waking up motivating myself and realizing I needed to do something that day that wasn’t just sitting in bed I decided screw it let’s go home and pick up our first suit and go around campus but when I went home to test out if the bag worked it actually did I had like a snack sized bag like this put it over the Furry Stories Alpha Male fitgirl repacks and it worked perfectly but then there was the drive back to campus I realized a couple of holes in my plan one .

I gonna have a Furry Stories Alpha Male pc download violation on me if you remember back when Soren uploaded his first suiting on-campus video there was an issue where his university brought that to attention I didn’t know the details at the time but apparently you’re not supposed to record other students on campus and make a video about it and then there’s the whole mass clause situation now in some states depending on how strict each one is you’re not allowed to wear a mask or hood that is covering your face in certain establishments some states are more strict about it some just don’t really care colleges generally care a lot like as an example from my first shooting at Starbucks video if you remember I had to take off my fur suit head or majora said before I walked into Starbucks that’s because pine firk on rest in peace’ is located in Maine which has one of the most strict mask laws in the country now we’re applying this idea to like a student body of at the very least 10,000 people was i okay to record on campus was I okay to even wear the first suit at all even though it’s a holiday and we had the day off from school didn’t realize till later but luckily Furry Stories Alpha Male download helped me figure out some of the situation with FERPA.

 

The Insurance Society of New York

The Insurance Society of New York
The Insurance Society of New York

The subject of insurance forms is such an exceedingly broad one, that it will be impossible in an address such as this to do more than touch upon it in a general way, and direct attention to some of the more important forms, which, although in general use, may possess features which are not fully understood.
The best form, whether viewed from the standpoint of the insurance company or the insured, is a fair form, one which expresses in clear, unambiguous language the mutual intention of the parties, and affords no cause for surprise on the part of either, after a loss has occurred. But the prepara¬ tion of such a form is not always an easy task, and it is right at this point that the ability of the broker and the underwriter come into play.
A distinguished Englishman declared that the English Constitution was the greatest production that had ever been conceived by the brain of man, but it was subjected to the most scathing criticism and violent assaults by Bentham, the great subversive critic of English law. Twenty-five years ago the New York Standard Policy was prepared by the best legal and lay talent in the insurance, world, and the greatest care was taken to present not only a reasonable and fair form of contract between the insurer and the insured, but one which could be easily read and understood.
While no such extravagant claims have been made for the Standard Policy as were made for the “Matchless Con-maximum of loss collection with a minimum of co-insurance or other resistance than a present day broker, he has not yet been discovered.
The ornate policies in use thirty years ago, with no uniformity in conditions, with their classification of hazards which no one could understand and their fine print which few could read, have given way to plainly printed uniform Standard Policies with materially simplified conditions. But the written portion of the insurance contract owing to our commercial and industrial growth, instead of becoming more simple, has taken exactly the opposite direction, and we now have covering under a single policy or set of policies, the entire property of a coal and mining company, the breweries, public service or traction lines of a whole city and the fixed property, rolling stock and common carrier liability of an entire railroad system involving millions of dollars and con¬ taining items numbering into the thousands. This forcibly illustrates the evolution of the policy form since the issue of the first fire insurance contract by an American company one hundred and sixty years ago, in favor of a gentleman bearing the familiar name of John Smith, covering
“500 £ on his dwelling house on the east side of King Street, between Mulberry and Sassafras, 30 feet front, 40 feet deep, brick, 9-inch party walls, three stories in height, plas¬ tered partitions, open newel bracket stairs, pent houses with board ceilings, garrets finished, three stories, painted brick kitchen, two stories in height, 15 feet 9 inches front, 19 feet 6 inches deep, dresser, shelves, wainscot closet fronts, shingling 1-5 worn.”
It will be observed that in the matter of verbiage this primitive form rivals some of our present day household furniture forms and all will agree that this particular dwelling might have been covered just as effectually and identified quite as easily without such an elaborate description.
Any one who has an insurable interest in property should be permitted to have any form of contract that he is willing to pay for, provided it is not contrary to law or against public policy, and judging from a contract of insurance issued by a certain office not long ago the insuring public apparently has no difficulty in securing any kind of a policy it may desire at any price it may be willing to pay. The contract in ques¬ tion was one for £20,000, covering stock against loss from any cause, except theft on the part of employes, anywhere in the Western Hemisphere, on land or water, without any con¬ ditions, restrictions or limitations whatsoever, written at less than one-half the Exchange rate in the insured’s place of business. An insurance agent upon being asked whether he thought it was good, said that if the company was anywhere near as good as the form, it was all that could be desired, but vouchsafed the opinion that it looked altogether too good to be good.

The Insurance Society of New York
The Insurance Society of New York

In these days we frequently find concentrated within the walls of a single structure one set of fire insurance policies covering on building, another on leasehold interest, another on rents or rental value—and in addition to this, policies for various tenants covering stock, fixtures, improvements, profits and use and occupancy, subject to the 100% average or co-insurance clause, to say nothing of steam boiler, casualty and liability insurance, thereby entirely eliminating the ele¬ ment of personal risk on the part of the owners, and produc¬ ing a situation which will account in some measure for the 17,000 annual fire alarms and $15,000,000 fire loss in New York City; $230,000,000 annual fire loss in the country at large, and for the constantly increasing percentage of cases where there are two or more fires in the same building and two or more claims from the same claimant.
The most common and perhaps least understood phrase found in policies of fire insurance is what is known as the “Commission Clause,” which reads “his own or held by him in trust or on commission or sold but not delivered” or “re¬ moved.” This clause in one form or another has been in use for many years, and it was originally the impression of un¬ derwriters that owing to the personal nature of the insurance contract a policy thus worded would simply cover the prop¬ erty of the insured and his interest in the property of others, such as advances and storage charges, but the courts have disabused their minds of any such narrow interpretation and have placed such a liberal construction upon the words “held in trust” that they may be justly regarded as among the broadest in the insurance language and scarcely less com¬ prehensive than the familiar term “for account of whom it may concern”; in fact, the principles controlling one phrase are similar to those governing the other.
It has been held that whether a merchant or bailee has assumed responsibility, or agreed to keep the property cov¬ ered or whether he is legally liable or not, if his policies contain the words “held in trust,” the owner may, after a fire, by merely ratifying the insurance of the bailee, appro¬ priate that for which he paid nothing whatever and may file proofs and bring suit in his own name against the bailee’s insurers. Nor is this all, for in some jurisdictions, if the bailee fails to include the loss on property of the bailor in his claim against his insurers, or if he does include it and the amount of insurance collectible is less than the total loss, the bailee may not first reimburse himself for the loss on his own goods and hold the balance in trust for the owners, but must prorate the amount actually collected with those own¬ ers who may have adopted the insurance, although, if he has a lien on any of the goods for charges or advances, this may be deducted from the proportion of insurance money due such owners The phrase “for account of whom it may concern” was formerly confined almost entirely to marine insurance, but in recent years there has been an increasing tendency to intro¬ duce it into policies of fire insurance.
All authorities are agreed that the interests protected by a policy containing these words must have been within the contemplation of him who took out the policy at the time it was issued. It is not necessary that he should have in¬ tended it for the benefit of some then known and particular individuals, but it would include such classes of persons as were intended to be included and who these were may be shown by parol. The owners or others intended to be cov¬ ered may ratify the insurance after a loss and take the bene¬ fit of it, though ignorant of its existence at the time of the issuance of the policy, just the same as under the term “held in trust.”
The words “for account of whom it may concern” are not limited in their protection to those persons who were concerned at the time the insurance was taken out, but will protect those having an insurable interest and who are con¬ cerned at the time when the loss occurs. They will cover the interest of a subsequent purchaser of a part or the whole of the property and supersede the alienation clause of the policy (U. S. S. C.), Hagan and Martin vs. Scottish Union and National Ins. Co., 32 Ins. Law Journal, p. 47; 186 U. S. 423).
A contract of insurance written in the name of “John Doe & Co. for account of whom it may concern” should contain a clause reading “Loss, if any, to be adjusted with and payable to John Doe & Co.,” not “loss, if any, payable to them” or “loss, if any, payable to the assured,” as forms sometimes read.
Policies are frequently written in the name of a bailee covering “On merchandise, his own and on the property of others for which he is responsible,” or “for which he may be liable”—and it has been held that’the effect of these words is to limit the liability of the insurer to the loss on the assured’s own goods and to his legal liability for loss on goods belonging to others, but the words “for which they are or may be liable” have been passed upon by the Supreme Court of Illinois, and they have been given an entirely dif¬ ferent interpretation. That tribunal in the case of The Home Insurance Company vs. Peoria & Pekin Union Railway Co. (28 Insurance Law Journal, p. 289; 178 Ills. 64) decided that the words quoted were merely descriptive of the cars to be insured; that the word “liable” as used in the policy did not signify a perfected or fixed legal liability, but rather a con¬ dition out of which a legal liability might arise.
As illustrative of its position the court said that an assignor of a negotiable note may, with no incorrectness of speech, be said to be liable upon his assignment obligation is not an absolute fixed legal liability but is con¬ tingent upon the financial condition of the maker; and ac¬ cordingly held that the insurance company was liable for loss on all the cars in the possession of the railroad company, notwithstanding the fact that the latter was not legally liable to the owners.
In view of the exceedingly broad construction which the courts have placed upon the time honored and familiar phrases to which reference has been made, it is important for the party insured, whether it be a railroad or other transportation company, a warehouseman, a laundryman, a tailor, a com¬ mission merchant or other bailee, to determine before the fire whether he desires the insurance to be so broad in its cover as to embrace not only his own property and interest, but also the property of everybody else which may happen to be in his custody; if so, he should be careful to insure for a sufficiently large amount to meet all possible co-insurance conditions,, and if he wishes to make sure of being fully reimbursed for his own loss, his only safe course is to insure for the full value of all the property in his possession.
At this point the inquiry which naturally presents itself is, how should a policy be written if a merchant, warehouse¬ man or other bailee desires to protect his own interest but not the interest of any one else? The following form is suggested: “On merchandise his own, and on his interest in and on his legal liability for property held by him in trust or on commission or on joint account with others, or sold but not removed, or on storage or for repairs, while con¬ tained, etc.” This will, it is believed, limit the operation of co-insurance conditions and at the same time prevent the owners from adopting, appropriating or helping themselves to the bailee’s insurance, for which they pay nothing and to which they are not equitably entitled.
Many of the household furniture forms now in use, in addition to embracing almost every conceivable kind of per¬ sonal property except that specifically prohibited by the pol¬ icy conditions, are also made to cover similar property be¬ longing to any member of the family or household, visitors, guests and servants.
This form would seem to indicate considerable ingenu¬ ity on the part of the broker, broad liberality on the part of the insurance company and commendable generosity on the part of the insured, and the latter would probably feel more than compensated by being able to reimburse his guest for any fire damage he might sustain while enjoying his hospi¬ tality, but the amount of insurance carried under such a form should anticipate the possibility of his having a number of guests at one time and a corresponding increase in the value at risk.
It must be borne in mind that in localities where co- insurance conditions prevail the value of property belonging